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Chicago/Turabian (Writer–Engagement): The References Section

In Chicago Author–Engagement style, the sources y'all cite in your paper are listed at the finish in the References section.

Learning Objectives

Adapt the References department in a Chicago/Turabian Author–Date paper

Cardinal Takeaways

Key Points

• In Chicago/Turabian style, at that place are two ways of formatting your citations: the Author –Date system or the Notes and Bibliography organization (NB). If you are using the Author–Date system, y'all will need a References section.
• All the sources you cite throughout the text of your paper are listed together in the References department at the end of your paper.
• The References department has its own special formatting rules, including hanging indentation.
• In each citation style, formatting differs slightly based on source type; for instance, yous would  format  a commendation differently if your source was an online book vs. a physical textbook.
• In that location are unlike citation styles for types of sources, including books, online resources, journals, and many others.

In Chicago/Turabian papers using the Author–Date citation system, all the sources you cite throughout the text of your paper are listed together in full in the References section, which comes after the main text of your paper. (If you are using NB, this will be called the bibliography.)

Formatting the References Department

The tiptop of the page, equally the rest of your paper, should still include the page number in the right header. On the outset line, the title of the page—"References"—should appear centered and not italicized or bolded. After the folio championship, leave 2 bare lines before your showtime citation.

Unlike the rest of your paper, this page should not exist double-spaced: leave a blank line betwixt each commendation, but the citations themselves should non be double-spaced. Your citations should exist in alphabetical order past the first word in each citation (normally the author'southward last name).

Each reference should be formatted with what is called a hanging indent. This means the kickoff line of each reference should be flush with the left margin (i.e., not indented), but the balance of that reference should be indented i inch from the left margin. Any word-processing plan will let you lot format this automatically so you lot don't have to practice it by paw. (In Microsoft Word, for example, you simply highlight your citations, click on the small arrow correct side by side to the word "Paragraph" on the dwelling tab, and in the popup box choose "hanging indent" under the "Special" section. Click OK, and you're done.)

References page: This is a correctly formatted References page in Chicago/Turabian Author–Date way.

Constructing a Commendation

The kickoff step in edifice each private citation is to decide the type of resource you are citing, since in each commendation style formatting differs slightly based on source type. Some common types are a book, a chapter from a volume, a journal article, an online book or article, an online video, a web log mail, and personal advice such as an email or an interview you lot conducted. (You lot'll notice that "website" is not a category by itself. If the data you found is online, y'all want to decide if you're looking at an online book, an online commodity, or some other type of document.)

As an instance, let's look in detail at the process of citing three detail sources in Chicago style: Joseph Conrad'south Heart of Darkness (i.east., a book by one author), Project Gutenberg's online text of the aforementioned book (i.e., an online book), and an online journal article about the volume.

Print Sources

Author Name

You always want to outset with the author information. You lot should present the author information in the following order and format: the writer's last name, a comma, the author'southward get-go name, the author's eye initial (if given), and then a catamenia:

• Conrad, Joseph.

Championship of Source

Next, you lot should include the title of the source in title case. For a volume, the title is italicized.

• Heart of Darkness.

City of Publication

Next, you want to provide the location of the publisher's part. The location is generally a city, such as "London" or "New York, NY."

• London:

Publisher Name

Next, provide the publisher's name, followed by a comma:

• Everyman's Library,

Engagement of Publication

Now provide the year in which the source was published, followed past a period.

• 1993.

All together, then, the citation looks like this:

• Conrad, Joseph. Heart of Darkness. London: Everyman'south Library, 1993.

Online Sources

Now permit's take a await at the citation for the online version of the same book, bachelor online through the publisher Project Gutenberg (gutenberg.org). Treat the online version of a print volume exactly the same equally a print book, simply with an indication of where you found information technology online.

• Conrad, Joseph. Heart of Darkness. Projection Gutenberg, 2006. https://world wide web.gutenberg.org/files/219/219-h/219-h.htm.

Journal Manufactures and Multiple Authors

• NooriBerzenji, Latef S., and Marwan Abdi. "The Image of the Africans in Eye of Darkness and Things Fall Apart." Interdisciplinary Periodical of Contemporary Research in Business 5, no. 4 (2013): 710–726.

Much of this citation volition expect familiar to you lot now that you lot know the basics. Again, we get-go with the author data. If the source has multiple authors, the citation rules are a little unlike. The outset author volition exist listed with their surname commencement (Conrad, Joseph) merely subsequent authors will be listed with their starting time names beginning (Joseph Conrad). Use the word "and" (non an ampersand, &) before the last writer. Here we accept only two authors, but if we had five, the "and" would come up before the fifth author's last name, after the comma following the fourth author's name.

The appointment of publication and championship are formatted the aforementioned. Note that even though APA style says that the article title should not be italicized, the book titles "Heart of Darkness" and "Things Fall Apart" inside the article title are still italicized.

The new information here begins with citing the journal this article is from. Include the title of the journal in italicized title case (all major words capitalized, equally in the championship of a book):

• Interdisciplinary Journal of Contemporary Research in Business concern

And so include the journal volume:

• 5

If an issue number is provided in addition to the volume number, as it is hither, add a comma subsequently the volume number, the abbreviation "no.", and the issue number:

• v, no. 4

Next, list the yr of the commodity'south publication in parentheses, followed past a colon:

• (2013):

Finally, list the page numbers of the article, followed past a flow [annotation that the dash betwixt the outset and 2nd numbers is an en-dash (–), Non a hyphen (-) or em-nuance (—)]:

• 710–726.

Multiple Publications by the Same Writer

If you lot are referencing multiple publications past (or group of authors) that were published in the same year, there is a special rule for denoting this. You should starting time gild those manufactures alphabetically by source title in the References section. Simply then, replace the author's name in all entries except the first one with an em-dash (—).

• Achenbach, Thomas. "Bibliography of Published Studies Using the ASEBA." Achenbach System of Empirically Based Cess, 2012. http://www.aseba.org/asebabib.html.
• —. "Schoolhouse-Age (Ages six–xviii) Assessments." Achenbach Organization of Empirically Based Assessment, 2012. http://world wide web.aseba.org/schoolage.html.

Chicago/Turabian (Author–Date): How to Reference Dissimilar Types of Sources

In Chicago/Turabian manner, there are dissimilar formats for citing sources at the end of your paper depending on the type of source.

Learning Objectives

List the ways to cite different source types in Chicago/Turabian Author–Date mode

Key Takeaways

Key Points

• If you lot are using the Author –Date method of Chicago/Turabian style, yous will demand a References section at the stop of your paper.
• In your References section, you will take to create a  citation  for every  source  you used in your paper; these citations will be formatted differently depending on the source type.
• There are different citation styles for books, depending on how many authors they accept.
• There are different commendation styles for articles, depending on where yous found them.
• There are ways to  format  sources that are non books or manufactures.

Central Terms

• Author–Appointment: A subset of the Chicago/Turabian citation style that uses in-text citations and a References page at the terminate.

Now that you know the unlike components of a volume commendation in Chicago/Turabian Writer–Date way and how they should be formatted, you volition be able to understand the citation formats for other source types. Hither are some example citations for the most mutual types of resource you will utilise. These are how your citations will be formatted on your References page at the finish of your Author–Date fashion paper.

Book by 1 Author

Doyle, Arthur. The Memoirs of Sherlock Holmes. Mineola: Dover Publications, Inc., 2010.

Book past Multiple Authors

Two or More Authors

(Write out all author names.)

Dubner, Stephen, and Steven Levitt. Freakonomics: A Rogue Economist Explores the Subconscious Side of Everything. New York: Harper Perennial, 2005.

Brownish, Theodore, H. Eugene Lemay, Bruce Bursten, Catherine Potato, Patrick Woodward, and Matthew Stoltzfus. Chemistry: The Key Science. London: Prentice Hall, 2015.

Book with Writer and Editor

Lovecraft, Howard Phillips. Tales. Edited by Peter Straub. New York: Library of America, 2005.

Article in a Journal with Continuous Pagination

Rottweiler, Frank, and Jacques Beauchemin. "Detroit and Sarnia: Two Foes on the Brink of Destruction." Canadian/American Studies Journal 54 (2012): 66–146.

Commodity in a Journal Paginated Separately

Rottweiler, Frank, and Jacques Beauchemin. "Detroit and Sarnia: Two Foes on the Brink of Devastation." Canadian/American Studies Periodical 54, no. ii (2012): 66–146.

Article in an Internet-Only Journal

Marlowe, Philip, and Sarah Spade. "Detective Work and the Benefits of Color Versus Black and White." Journal of Pointless Inquiry 11, no. 2 (2001): 123–124. Accessed Oct 31, 2015. http://www.jpr.com/stable/detectiveworkcolour.htm.

Folio on a Web Site

Pavlenko, Aneta. "Bilingual Minds, Bilingual Bodies." Psychology Today. Last modified Oct 7, 2015. https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/life-bilingual/201510/bilingual-minds-bilingual-bodies.

Folio on a Web Site, No Writer Identified, No Date

"Bilingual Minds, Bilingual Bodies." Psychology Today. Accessed October 29, 2015. https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/life-bilingual/201510/bilingual-minds-bilingual-bodies.

Chicago/Turabian (Author–Date): In-Text References and Parentheticals

In Chicago/Turabian Author–Engagement style, in-text citations follow strict formatting rules.

Learning Objectives

Adapt in-text citations in Chicago/Turabian Author–Engagement style

Key Takeaways

Key Points

• In-text citations are where you tell the reader, within the text of your paper, the author 's name and the engagement the source was published.
• The correct formatting for an in-text citation varies depending on how many authors created the source existence cited.
• Formatting also varies depending on whether yous cite the aforementioned source more than than in one case, or whether y'all cite multiple works past the same author.

Key Terms

• parenthetical: A discussion or phrase within parentheses.

In your newspaper, when y'all quote direct from a source in the writer's words, or when you paraphrase someone else's thought, you demand to tell the reader where the words and ideas comes from so the original author gets credit. When you do this within the text  the reader the author's name and the date the source was published in the text of your newspaper, this is chosen an in-text citation.

The Chicago/Turabian commendation way uses in-text citations just in its Author–Date method, which is generally used for social science papers and is explained below. If your professor asks you to cite sources with footnotes and bibliography rather than in-text citations, make sure you use the Notes and Bibliography (NB) method rather than the Author–Engagement method described hither.

Source by a Single Author

To cite this blazon of reference in the text, you lot should use what is known as a parenthetical —commendation data enclosed in parentheses—at the end of the relevant sentence. The parenthetical should include the author'south last name (with no get-go or centre initial) followed by the yr the source was published. If you're citing a direct quote, you also need to include the folio number afterwards a comma. For example:

• Social representations theory posits that reified scientific cognition that exists at the boundaries of a given society will be interpreted in meaningful and often simplified forms by the bulk (Pauling 2005).
• Social representations theory "proposes a new hypothesis…" (Pauling 2005, 113).

If you cull, yous tin can integrate the writer's proper noun into the sentence itself—this is known as a " signal phrase "—and provide just the year in parentheses:

• Pauling (2005) posits that…

Source by Two or Three Authors

Authors should be presented in the order in which they are listed on the published article. If you lot include the authors' names in the parenthetical, use the word "and" betwixt the two names. For example:

• Social representations theory posits that reified scientific knowledge that exists at the boundaries of a given society will be interpreted in meaningful and frequently simplified forms by the majority (Pauling and Liu 2005).

You may still choose to utilize a point phrase instead, but make sure you keep both authors in it:

• Pauling and Liu (2005) posit that…

Source past Four or More Authors

For an article with more than than 4 authors, the kickoff time you cite the article in the text of your paper, you should apply but the start author's proper noun followed by "et al." and the year of publication. ("Et al." is short for "et alia," which means "and other people" in Latin—much similar "etc." is short for "et cetera," which means "and other things" in Latin.)

• Social representations theory posits that reified scientific noesis that exists at the boundaries of a given order volition be interpreted in meaningful and oftentimes simplified forms past the bulk (Pauling et al. 2005).

Using a betoken phrase:

• Pauling et al. (2005) posit…

Citing Multiple Publications by Dissimilar Authors

If you need to cite multiple publications past different authors in the aforementioned judgement, y'all should list the multiple sources in alphabetical order by author and use a semicolon to separate them.

• … majority (Alford 1995; Pauling 2004; Sirkis 2003).

If inside this commendation y'all also have multiple sources past the same writer, after that author'due south proper noun, dissever the multiple dates of publication with a comma, and order them chronologically (primeval to latest).

• … bulk (Alford 1995; Pauling 2004, 2005; Sirkis 2003).

Citing Multiple Publications by the Aforementioned Author

If you need to cite multiple publications by the same author within a sentence, you lot apply a comma to separate the years of publication in chronological gild (oldest to near recent).

• … majority (Pauling 2004, 2005).

Using a signal phrase:

• Pauling (2004, 2005) suggests that…

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Source: https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-writing/chapter/chicagoturabian-citations-and-references-authordate-ad-system/

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